Cell growth and division

Hola amigos! Want to know more about cells and growth division? Keep on reading!
 a. The structure of a cell

There are two types of cells that we want to talk about, the plant cell and animal cell.
    Animal cell

Most of animal cells are made up of:
-cytoplasm
-a nucleus
-vacuoles
-a cell membrane
       In the picture beside, there are extra cells, lyosome and mitochondrion. But, I was not discussing about that if you want to know more about the structure of an animal cell you can click the link: http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/zoology/animalphysiology/anatomy/animalcellstructure/animalcellstructure.htm.
     Plant cell

Most of plant cells are made up of:
-cytoplasm
-a nucleus
-a vacuole
-a cell membrane
-chloroplasts
-a cell wall
      Just like the first picture, there are different cells that I was not discussing, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, If you want to know more about the structure of a plant cell I've prepared you another link: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/plants/cell/.
Now, I want to tell you the functions of cells in plant and animal.
  Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is basically the substance that fills the cell. It is a jelly-like material that is eighty percent water and usually clear in color. It is more like a viscous (thick) gel than a watery substance, but it liquefies when shaken or stirred.
  Vacuole

 Vacuoles are essentially enclosed compartments which are filled with water containing inorganic and organic molecules including enzymes in solution, though in certain cases they may contain solids which have been engulfed.

  Nucleus

  The function of the nucleus is to maintain the integrity of these genes and to control the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression — the nucleus is, therefore, the control center of the cell.

  Cell Membrane

It basically protects the cell from outside forces. It consists of the lipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

  Chloroplasts

Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and other eukaryotic organisms that conduct photosynthesis. Chloroplasts capture light energy, store it in the energy storage molecules ATP and NADPH and use it in the process called photosynthesis to make organic molecules and free oxygen from carbon dioxide and water.
  Cell Wall
 The cell wall is the tough, usually flexible but sometimes fairly rigid layer that surrounds some types of cells. It is located outside the cell membrane and provides these cells with structural support and protection, in addition to acting as a filtering mechanism. A major function of the cell wall is to act as a pressure vessel, preventing over-expansion when water enters the cell.
b. Cell division

Cells are like organisms, as they grow, they multiply. Cells also multiply to replace old cells that die. This process takes place in organisms all the time. there are two types of organisms that I want to discuss, multicellular organism and unicellular organism.
   Multicellular Organisms
Multicellular organisms are organisms that consist of more than one cell, in contrast to single-celled organisms. To form a multicellular organism, these cells need to identify and attach to the other cells.
   Unicellullar Organisms
A unicellular organism, also known as a single-celled organism, is an organism that consists of only one cell, in contrast to a multicellular organism that consists of multiple cells.
    Cells multiply by dividing themselves. The nucleus and cytoplasm
    of one cell divide to produce two cells. The new cells produced
    are identical to the original cell.
The process can be repeated. The two new cells can later divide to form four cells.
Cells also die, they do not live forever. our skin cells can live up to three weeks, while cells lining our intestines are replaced by new cells every three days. Some cells also divide to help repair damaged parts of our body.
The examples of unicellular organisms are bacteria and paramecia, they multiply by dividing themselves. The picture on the left side shows a cell division in a paramecium.there are more common unicellular organisms example such as, algae, amoeba and fungi, but were not discussing about that.

There is one more example of unicellular organism called yeast. Yeast multiple by a special way called budding . During the process of budding, a small bad grows from a yeast cell. The bud then increases in size and breaks away from the original yeast cell.   
 c. From cell to organism

  Human beings
All the organs in our body are made up of cells. Let us take a look how cells form an organism such as a human being.
Cell->Tissue->Organ->System->Organism
Cell
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all known living organisms.
Tissue
Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organism. A tissue is an ensemble of similar cells and from the same origin, that together carry out a specific function.
Organ
In biology, an organ is a collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function.
There is a "main" tissue, parenchyma, and "sporadic" tissues, stroma. The main tissue is the one that is unique for the specific organ.
System
In biology, a biological system (or organ system or body system) is a group of organs that work together to perform a certain task.
Organism
In biology, an organism is any contiguous living system (such as animal, fungus, micro-organism, or plant). Our body is made up of many systems working together.
  Plants
Plants are organised like human beings. They have cells , tissues, organs and systems. However, there are only two systems in plants - the shoot system and the root system.
Cell->Tissue->Organ->System->Organism
Cell
Plant cells are eukaryotic cells that differ in several key respects from the cells of other eukaryotic organisms.
Tissue
The major classes of cells differentiate from undifferentiated meristematic cells (analogous to the stem cells of animals) to form the tissue structures of roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and reproductive structures.
Organ
In biology, an organ is a collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function.
System
The shoot system of a plant is formed when the organs - leaves, stems, flowers and fruits - work together.
Organism
A plant is made up of the shoot system and the root system working together.
d. Energy in cells

Life is an energy intensive process. It takes energy to operate muscles, extract wastes, make new cells, heal wounds, even to think. It’s in an organism’s cells where all this energy is spent. In some cells, as much as half of a cell’s energy output is used to transfer molecules across the cell membrane, a process called ‘active transport.’
Cell movements require energy and thousands of energy-hungry chemical reactions go on in every living cell, every second, every day. The kind of energy cells use is chemical bond energy, the shared electrons that holds atoms together in molecules. Cells got energy by: Nutrients enter the cell through the cell membrane.
                                                                                   The cell converts the nutrients into the energy. Oxygen is needed for this process known as respiration. This energy is used by the cell for cell division, growth and repair.
the amount of energy a cell needs depends on its function.
I have an experiment of putting 2 flask 30 ml of hot water each. Then, on flask a, we put 1 tablespoon of yeast and on flask b, we put 1 tablespoon of yeast and 1 tablespoon of sugar. we put the sugar, yeast and water through the funnel. And put balloons on top of each flask. We set a stopwatch and measure the length of the balloon several times. The result is, flask b has wider balloon length it is because a yeast need energy to grow and multiply and in flask b the sugar is the energy. The conditions necessary for yeast to grow and divide are heat, water and sugar. Here are the pictures:

                                                                This is my group.

                                                  One of the material, the funnel.

                                                   One of the material, the yeast.

                                                One of the material, the sugar.

                                               One of the material, the spoon.

                                              One of the material, hot water.

                                                 One of the material, the measure rope.

                                                 One of the material, the stopwatch.

The balloon in flask b inflate more bigger because there is an energy there. While in flask a there's no energy.

e.Information in cells
When organisms reproduce, they pass on certain characteristics or genetic traits to their young. These characteristic are contained as genes and are stored in the thread-like structures in the cell nucleus.



I've posted a video about cell division, you can click it if you wish to know more about cell division.

Separating Mixtures

Guys, do you ever try an experiment of separating mixtures? I'll show you one example of an experiment of separating mixtures but before that I want you to know different techniques of separating mixture and how to separate the mixtures according to their techniques.
           1. Sieving
Sieving is a separating mixture of two different sizes of solids. For example, sand and gravel, sand is smaller than gravel and the sieve holes while gravel is bigger than the sand and the sieve holes so, the one that can pass to the sieve holes is the sand. That is what we called sieving. The materials used to do sieving is called a sieve, a sieve come in different shapes and sizes.
           2. Decanting
Decanting is separating an insoluble solid from a liquid. For example, coarse sand and water, coarse sand is denser than water. When the water is mixed with the coarse sand, the coarse sand sinks to the bottom of the glass while the water stays on top of the coarse sand. We pour the water very slowly to another glass, we cannot pour the water to fast because it can spill the coarse sand. That is what we called decanting.
           3. Filtration
Filtration is separating small, insoluble solids from a liquid using a filter. The materials use to filtrate is filter funnel, filter paper, beaker, sand and water. We must pour a water to a beaker and mix it with the sand, pour the mixture to the filter funnel with the filter paper in it, the filter paper doesn't allow the sand to pass through it but it allow water to pass, the water start to come out from the filter paper, the water that comes out from the filter paper is now called filtrate. This is what we called filtration.
           4. Evaporation
Evaporation is the process of changing a liquid to a gas. The materials use to evaporate is a beaker, evaporating dish, tripod, bunsen burner, wire gauze, salt and water. Put the wire gauze on top of the tripod, put the bunsen burner under the tripod and put the evaporating dish on top of the wire gauze, before that, put the salt and the water in the evaporating dish. After a few minutes, the water start to evaporate and started to smoke. Wait for a few more minutes and the water is completely dissolved and it completely had turns into salt. That is what we called evaporation.
           5. Separating immiscible liquids
Oil and water can be separated easily because, they are immiscible. The materials use to separate immiscible liquids are a separating funnel, beaker, oil and water. Open the tap at the bottom of the funnel, the separating funnel let the water to come out but it doesn't let the oil to come out, now, the beaker is already full with the water and the oil is left in the separating funnel. This is how we can separate immiscible liquids.
           6. Separating miscible liquids
Alcohol and water are miscible liquids, they can be separated easily because the have different boiling points. The materials use to separate miscible liquids are 2 flasks, condenser, bunsen burner, wire gauze and a tripod. Put the wire gauze on top of the tripod, put the bunsen burner under the tripod put flask 1 on top of the wire gauze, connect the condenser from flask 1 to flask 2. The flask 1 contain the mixture of the alcohol and the water, a few minutes later gas start to come out from the flask 1, that is the gaseous alcohol the gaseous alcohol move to the flask 2 through the condenser. Now, the mixture of the water and the alcohol is separated . That is how we separate miscible liquids.

Now, I want to tell you my experiment, you can try this at home if you want to. I do the filtration and the evaporation for the experiment.
For the filtration, you must prepare some beakers, sand, water, flask, filter funnel, spoon and a filter paper.
First, pour the water from the beaker to another beaker, mix the sand with the water and stir it with the spoon.
Then, put the filter paper into the filter funnel, put the filter funnel on top of the flask.
After that, pour the mixture of sand and water to the filter funnel, set the stopwatch to count the water that drop from the filter funnel.
Now, you can see the clear water that drop out from the filter funnel.
It all happens because, the filter paper doesn't allow the sand to pass through it but, it allows the water to pass through it.
Repeat that with the flour instead of the sand. See what is faster sand or flour?

For the evaporation, you must prepare a, tripod, an alcohol, evaporating dish, salt, water, match and wire gauze.
First, put the salt and water into the evaporating dish, put the wire gauze on top of the tripod and put the evaporating dish on top of the wire gauze.
Then, light a match and put it on to the alcohol.
After that, you can realize the mixture starts to boil and the mixture starts to smoke.


                  Here are some pictures of the filtering experiment:

                                                           The materials used to filter.

                                                         Pour the water into the beaker.

                                                   Put the sand into the beaker and stir it.

                                                                       Stir the flour.

                                             Watch the water coming out from the filter funnel.

                             Pour the mixture of flour and water to the flask through the filter funnel.

                                          Do the same thing with the mixture of flour and water.

                                                 Watch the water come out from the flask.

                      Here are some pictures of the evaporation experiment:

                                                Here are the materials used to evaporate.

                                                               You can see the smoke.

                                                         Stack the materials orderly.

                                                      See the salt that starts to boil.

                                                The liquid had been changed into a solid again.

Save The Pandas!

Hey everybody! Wake up! Our giant panda is reducing. I want to save the giant pandas, would you guys help me? But before that I'll tell you about the giant panda. The science name for the giant panda is Ailuropoda melanoleuca the meaning is "black and white cat-foot." the giant pandas belong to the carnivores, although it was carnivore, the giant panda's diet is 99% bamboo! Wow! Can you imagine that? Nowadays, the bamboo's were cut down to other man's property. Giant pandas can starve because there is no bamboo, if there is no bamboo and the giant pandas starve, they'll die! Giant pandas lives in a few mountain ranges in central China, mainly in Sichuan province, but also in Shaanxi and gansu provinces. Because of farming, deforestation and other development, the giant panda has been wiped out of the lowland areas where it once lived. While the dragon has historically served as China's national emblem, in recent decades the panda has also served as an emblem for the country. Its image appears on a large number of modern Chinese coins in gold, silver, bimetallic gold & silver, platinum, palladium, bronze, brass, and copper. The giant panda has a black and white fur. The adult's body measure is around 1.2m to 1.8m long if it's including the tail it's about plus 13cm. Giant panda's males weight is up to 160kg. Giant panda's female is 10-20% smaller than males, it can weigh as little as 75kg but can also weigh up to 125kg. A giant panda newborn cub typically weighs 90 to 130 grams. Giant pandas reach sexual maturity between the ages of four and eight, and may be reproductive until age 20.The mating season is between March and May, when a female goes into her estrous cycle which lasts for two or three days and only occurs once a year. There is no conclusive explanation of the origin of the word "panda". The closest candidate is the Nepali word ponya, possibly referring to the adapted wrist bone. 
Since the earliest collection of Chinese writings, the Chinese language has given the bear 20 different names, such as 花熊 (huā xióng) "spotted bear" and 竹熊 (zhú xióng) "bamboo bear". The most popular names in China today are 大熊貓 (dà xióng māo), literally "large bear cat", or just 熊貓 (xióng māo), "bear cat". The name may have been inspired by the giant panda's eyes, which have pupils that are cat-like vertical slits – unlike other bear species, which have round pupils.
In Taiwan, the popular name for panda is the inverted 貓熊 (māo xióng) "cat bear," even though many encyclopedia and dictionaries in Taiwan still use "bear cat" as the correct name. Some linguists argue that, in this construction, "bear" instead of "cat" is the base noun, making this name more grammatically and logically correct, which may have led to the popular choice despite official writings.



                                          Here are some pictures of giant pandas:

                                                                    Newborn giant panda

                                                            A giant panda eating bamboo1

A giant panda eating bamboo2

 

                                                     
                                                            A mother giant panda and it's cub

                                                              Panda loves you

Human Population

Can you imagine that? 7 billion of people live in this world. All types of human are complete in the Earth, the small one, the big one, the fat one, the thin one, the genius one and even more. Everyday peoples were born and everyday peoples die. Nowadays, the birth rate increases over time and the the death rate decreases. A high birth rate is caused by : early marriages and lack of knowledge of birth control. Sometimes, it becomes the opposite, the death rate increases and the birth rate decreases. A high death rate is caused by : disease, famine and natural disaster. People also move out of the country forever it is called emigration. The people who emigrate are called emigrants. There were also people who move into the country forever it is called immigration. The people who immigrate are called immigrants.

                        Here are some pictures about the human population:

 

7 billion - How your world will change?

Earth is full already, try another planet

 

So many people in the Earth